In a report released this month titled "Cyber Threats and Information Security: Meeting the 21st Century Challenge," the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) concluded that the government and the private sector should be concerned about the "trustworthiness" of future Microsoft products in the aftermath of the hack into the company's network. Former Deputy Secretary of Defense John Hamre, a longtime cybersecurity proponent in the defense and intelligence communities, heads the CSIS.

"It is doubtful that the millions (sometimes billions) of lines of code required to power Microsoft's products could readily be sanitized," the CSIS report states. "With most military and government systems powered by Microsoft software and more generally reliant on [commercial, off-the-shelf systems], this recent development can pose grave national-security-related concerns," the 73-page report concludes.

Microsoft, however, strongly disagrees with the analysis.

"The CSIS quote sensationalizes the incident and misstates the facts in a number of important ways," a Microsoft spokesman said. "Most important, Microsoft has repeatedly stated that after tracking the intruders and investigating their activities, there is no evidence and no basis to believe that they had any access at all to Windows or Office source code. That is, we have no reason to believe that the intruders were able to see Windows or Office source code, much less modify it. Microsoft's current and future products remain intact and secure, and customers can use them with confidence."

Microsoft security personnel discovered the hack in October when they noticed that passwords were being remotely sent to an e-mail account in Russia. The hackers then posed as Microsoft employees working off-site rather than at the company's Redmond, Wash., headquarters to gain access to sensitive areas within Microsoft's internal network (see story).

Government systems aren't the only ones at risk, according to CSIS. "Whoever stole proprietary secrets at the heart of the ubiquitous Windows program can hack into any PC in the world that uses it and is connected to the Internet," the report states. Such security concerns could hold serious implications for the dozens of private-sector companies that own and operate the nation's critical infrastructure.

Although initial reports alluded to the possibility that the hacker may have gained access to the source code of some of the company's future products, including Windows Me, Windows 2000 and Office, a Microsoft spokeswoman said that no source code was compromised or stolen and that every possible step has been taken to ensure the integrity of the code for future users